Case Studies

Contents

About the Case Studies 3

Case Study 1 | Abraaj Capital and JorAMCo 4

Case Study 2 | Actis and Middle East Food and Trade Company, Egypt 6

Case Study 3 | Blue Wolf Capital Management and Finch Paper Llc 8

Case Study 4 | Doughty Hanson and Avanza Group 10

Case Study 5 | The New Zealand Superannuation Fund and Direct Capital Partners 12

Case Study 6 | KKR and Alliance Boots 14

Case Study 7 | KKR and Energy Future Holdings 16

Case Study 8 | Permira and Birds Eye iglo 18

Case Study 9 | Robeco’s responsible private equity investments 20

About the Case studies

The PRI began its work on Private Equity in March 2008 by engaging with a broad range of key

funds and investors in the sector. One of the obstacles we frequently faced when initiating these

dialogues was some uncertainty about what Responsible Investment and the PRI could mean for

private equity. This was the case for many General Partners, Fund of Funds and Limited Partners.

The aim of these case studies is therefore two-fold. First, they are intended to help support the

implementation of RI in private equity through sharing best practice. But the second purpose is to

help raise awareness that RI is ultimately a component of fiduciary duty. That is, the objective of

RI is to contribute to improving long-term, risk-adjusted investment returns.

The case studies are presented both from the perspective of private equity firms (General Partners)

that want to build better companies (e.g. by reducing risk, improving operational efficiency,

supporting strategy implementation, exploiting new market opportunities, etc…), and from the

perspective of investors (Limited Partner) that are working with their General Partners in new

ways.

This document was first published in July 2009, and its development was overseen by the PRI’s

Steering Committee on Private Equity. This Steering Committee was established in September

2008 with representatives from asset owners, asset managers, private equity houses and industry

associations, including both PRI signatories and non-signatories. More information on the PRI

Steering Committee is available at www.unpri.org/privateequity

We will periodically update the document with new examples of RI in private equity. PRI

signatories are encouraged to share their stories so that we can continue to help build better

companies and improve investment returns. For more information or to contribute a case study

please contact info@unpri.org.

In addition to these case studies, in July 2009 the PRI released a Guide for Limited Partners on

Responsible Investment in Private Equity, with the goal of helping PRI signatories apply the

Principles to this asset class. This Guide is directed at Limited Partners but can provide insight for

General Partners as well. This guide is available at www.unpri.org/privateequity/LPGuide.

Case Study 1

Bashir Abdel Hadi Chief Executive Officer, JorAMCo

About Abraaj Capital

Dubai-based Abraaj Capital is the largest private equity group outside Europe and North America,

and invests in the growing Middle East, North Africa and South Asia (MENASA) region. Since

inception in 2002, it has raised about US$7 billion and distributed almost US$3 billion to investors.

Abraaj’s approach to ESG issues

Abraaj is a private equity firm dedicated first and foremost to generating superior returns for our

investors. While striving to deliver these returns by unlocking value in our partner companies, we

are mindful of our wider social responsibilities. Abraaj is committed to driving sustainable, positive

change in the communities in which we operate by investing in them for their wider long-term

welfare. With our extensive reach and penetration, our mission is to instill the virtues of corporate

social responsibility into each and every one of our partner companies and hereby positively impact

the lives of thousands in our stakeholder community. As such, we can perhaps help others around

us discover ways they can contribute to the region’s wider development.

Acquiring JorAMCo

The Jordan Aircraft Maintenance Company (JorAMCo) is an independent maintenance, repair,

and overhaul (MRO) service provider offering a range of airframe maintenance services to Airbus,

Boeing and Lockheed aircraft fleets. JorAMCo headquarters and operations are located at Queen

Alia Airport in Jordan.

In 2005, through an international bidding process, 80% of JorAMCo was acquired by Abraaj

Capital while the remaining 20% was retained by the Jordanian Government through Royal

Jordanian airline.

The investment in JorAMCo provided Abraaj an entry into the lucrative and growing MRO

industry through a well-established player with potential for tremendous growth and operational

enhancements. At the time of investment there was obvious scope to improve operational

efficiencies and marketing to enhance revenues.

The post-acquisition strategic plan for JorAMCo was to develop the company into a major player

in the aircraft MRO business by building on its strong reputation for quality and competitive

pricing. An aggressive post-acquisition efficiency improvement programme – including construction

of a new hangar – has doubled capacity. A number of improvements to workflow processes have

been implemented including IT systems, man-hour and inventory management, and service and

training capacity has been greatly increased.

Relevance of ESG issues to the investment

Abraaj also believes that sustainability-oriented innovation will be a major catalyst for growth.

We asked JorAMCo to conduct a sustainability benchmarking and assessment, and then to

establish a sustainability strategy and a baseline sustainability report. The assessment considered

issues raised by stakeholders around the geographical context, the sectoral context and also

global sustainability trends. Eight major issue areas for JorAMCo and its stakeholders include good

governance, accountability and transparency, management excellence, customer care, attracting

and retaining top talent, health and safety, human rights, environmental performance, and

community development.

With our support as an active partner, JorAMCo has demonstrated leadership in transparency by

being one of the first companies in Jordan and the Arab region to produce a sustainability report.

It is also, to our knowledge, the first independent aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul

company in the world to issue a sustainability report.

Training local people

One example of JorAMCo’s innovative approach to these issues is the development of the

JorAMCo Training Academy. JorAMCo’s policy is to support the local community by hiring

local labour – mainly from Al-Jeeza and Madaba – and develop their technical skills. This brings

economic and social benefits and prosperity to the local community as well as helping to lower the

greenhouse gas emissions associated with travelling to work. With an investment of US$900,000,

the Academy opened its doors in 2008 as a training centre for graduating professionals in the

MRO field supplying the Jordanian and the regional community with highly qualified technicians

and mechanics.

The JorAMCo Academy, considered the first of its kind in the MENA region, provides

comprehensive training facilities including classrooms, workshops and hangars, and the

convenience of JorAMCo’s main facilities within walking distance. After four years of academic and

applied practice, graduates are ready to work as certified aircraft technicians, many of whom will

choose to join JorAMCo.

Outcomes

This initial approach to evaluating sustainability management within partner companies has

provided Abraaj Capital with the beginning of a reporting process to roll out across the rest of the

investment portfolio. To that end Abraaj developed the Ethical Framework for Investment for each

partner company to sign up to. Based in part on the United Nation’s Global Compact, the Ethical

Framework for Investment is a tool to guide partner companies toward implementing basic ethical

principles throughout their business activities.

July 2009

Case Study 2

Mohamed El-Rashidi Chairman of El-Rashidi El-Mizan

About Actis

Actis, headquartered in London, was spun out of the Commonwealth Development Corporation

(CDC) in 2004 and is a leading private equity investor in emerging markets, with 100 investment

professionals working in twelve offices across Africa, China, India, Latin America and South East

Asia.

Actis has US$5 billion funds under management with commitment from over 100 institutional

investors and invests in three asset classes: private equity, infrastructure and real estate.

Actis’s approach to ESG issues

We demand a rigorous analysis of ESG issues as part of our investment appraisal process and insist

that investee companies follow the highest international standards enshrined in our ESG Code. Our

dedicated ESG team actively engages with portfolio companies promoting our ESG strategy which

includes:

Polices on climate change, environment, health, safety, social and business integrity issues

Sustainability Guidelines and Health and Safety Guidelines for Real Estate Funds

Energy efficiency and reduction of CO2 emissions in all portfolio companies.

Actis is a signatory to the PRI and we are also members of UNEP FI and Transparency International.

Actis was a nominee for the 2009 FT/IFC Sustainable Investor of the Year Award.

Acquiring Middle East Foods, Egypt

Middle East Food and Trade Co (MEF) was set up as the holding company of El-Rashidi El-Mizan

Confectionary Company (REM), which is Egypt’s leading producer of “Halawa” and “Tahina”

– two traditional staple food products made from sesame seed. In what was regarded as the first

ever management buyout in Egypt in 2002, Actis acquired 65% of the equity through ordinary

shares and an interest-free shareholder loan.

Actis conducted a comprehensive due diligence at the time of the buy out and saw scope to add

value by professionalizing management practices, including:

Strengthening corporate governance

Sourcing an expert to help drive the management information system upgrades

Identifying a health and safety programme

Strengthening financial reporting capabilities

Providing corporate finance support to the management team when considering acquisitions.

Relevance of ESG issues to the Investment

Actis focused on MEF’s current and planned ESG management systems and how to take them

forward. We met with senior management, including the CEO, the Supply Chain Director, the

R&D/QA Director and the Engineering Department Manager, as well as LRSN-M, a Hazard

Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) consultancy firm based in Egypt.

An ESG due diligence conducted at the plant revealed a strong commitment to product safety and

quality and a desire for improvement. However a number of weaknesses were identified:

Implementation/ownership of the HACCP system was poor, especially at the factory worker

level

The planned HACCP system would have considerable overlap with the Good Management

Practices (GMP) system already in place especially in the Product Safety and Product Quality

areas

There was a danger of initiative overload

There was little formalisation of environmental responsibilities and procedures n The growing

outsourcing programme made it difficult to implement product quality, product safety and

other ESG programmes at the factory worker level.

Outcomes

Actis assisted MEF in implementing a robust management system approach with both ISO 14001

environmental management system and an OHSAS 18001 health and safety management system.

Furthermore, a new HACCP system was designed to fit into an ISO documentation format.

We clarified responsibility for ESG issues by appointing an overall champion to lead the

implementation of the ESG systems. And we established regular monitoring of key ESG indicators

and processes for reporting back to the board.

Five years later, MEF emerged a much stronger market leader, exporting to 25 countries, with

double the production capacity, double the product portfolio and the highest level of accredited

systems in the industry. In 2007 Actis sold MEF via an auction process to Citadel Capital, a Cairo

based private equity firm.

Although it is difficult to isolate the exact extent to which ESG actions contributed to the gain, it is

widely accepted that implementation of food safety management systems enhances the value of

food businesses.

July 2009

Case Study 3

About Blue Wolf Capital Management

Adam Blumenthal and Josh Wolf-Powers founded Blue Wolf Capital Management in April 2005.

Since then, the firm has made five investments – four in pre-fund, oneoff vehicles, and one by

Blue Wolf Capital Fund II, L.P., (the “Fund”) – the firm’s first institutional private equity fund. The

Fund, a control-oriented middle-market buy-out private equity fund, focuses on companies in

North America. It was formed to realize significant capital appreciation by investing in attractive

companies whose value is obscured by complexity, and in particular, in companies that manage

the complexities associated with three powerful constituencies that deter most middle-market

private equity investors: government, labour unions, and creditors armed with the power of the

bankruptcy court. For further information see, www.blue-wolf.com

Blue Wolf’s approach to ESG issues

Blue Wolf’s investment strategy assumes the importance of environmental, social, and corporate

governance (ESG) issues in the investment decision-making process, and its staff includes individuals

with government, labour relations, and operations management experience that understand

how ESG issues impact on all businesses. Blue Wolf makes control investments in middle-market

companies in sectors underserved by private equity, and manages situations involving multiple

stakeholders where ESG issues often arise. Among the stakeholders can be government, either as

customer, policy-maker, regulator, market influencer, or provider of subsidy; and labour unions,

both as a potential source of deals and in the creation of value post-acquisition. Blue Wolf also

has expertise in resolving issues borne from organizational mismanagement and/or corporate

governance failures. Blue Wolf Capital Management is a signatory of the Principles for Responsible

Investment (PRI).

Acquiring Finch Paper

Finch Paper was over 140 years old when Blue Wolf made its investment in 2007, and was led by

an inflexible and litigious group of over 100 descendants of one of the company’s founders. The

company was and is a leader in the premium uncoated printing paper market, manufacturing over

250,000 tons per year for advertising materials, book publishing and business office uses from its

single mill in Glens Falls, New York – making it an attractive investment opportunity. In 2001, there

had been a bitter six-month long strike, and at the time of Blue Wolf’s acquisition of the company,

it had seven collective bargaining agreements covering workers represented by five unions. The

existence of a fractured ownership group, the history of contentious labour relations, and the need

to implement a state-of-the-art environmental programme presented obstacles to a successful

transaction.

Relevance of ESG issues to the investment

Blue Wolf contacted officials at the United Steelworkers of America (the lead union at Finch) to

satisfy concerns about our ability to work with the unions to improve operations. In addition to

dealing with labour issues, Blue Wolf’s ultimate success in acquiring Finch, at a price below that

established in a competitive bidding process, was based on our willingness to provide the sellers

with liquidity for 161,000 acres of Adirondack Forest timberlands. We were confident in this

transaction because of our ability to sell the timber to a unique buyer, one to which the family

owners would have never agreed to sell to, The Nature Conservancy. As a result of this transaction,

161,000 acres of environmentally sensitive forestland was transferred to the ownership of The

Nature Conservancy, and ultimately, much of it in turn passed on to New York State.

The Nature Conservancy also re-hired Finch Paper LLC to manage the land for them in a

sustainable manner.

Outcomes

The acquisition of Finch Paper is an example of how Blue Wolf’s investment strategy works. In this

instance, because of our ability to navigate a series of complicated situations, including a divided

family ownership, contentious labour relations, material environmental concerns, and the sale of

land and equipment, we were able to acquire a $25 million of annual EBITDA business for $52.5

million. Moreover after taking control of the company, we were able to use the goodwill generated

to rationalize the company’s cost structure, create incentive plans for both management and hourly

staff, reposition the brand name and refinance to reduce interest costs.

July 2009

Case Study 4

Jesus Lopez Torralba CEO, Avanza

About Doughty Hanson

Doughty Hanson has built up a successful track record over 23 years investing across Europe in

three asset classes: mid-market buyouts, real estate opportunity funds and early-stage technology

venture capital. With over €5.3bn in assets under management, the firm has eight offices across

Europe and 130 staff, including 58 investment professionals. The buyout team is currently

investing from its fifth fund, which raised €3bn in 2007. Doughty Hanson employs an active

ownership investment strategy and focuses on building market-leading companies with strong

management teams.

Doughty Hanson’s approach to ESG issues

Doughty Hanson prides itself on being a leading practitioner of ESG engagement in private equity.

We were one of the first private equity groups to sign up to the PRI in June 2007 and were the

first to appoint an in-house head of sustainability to coordinate ESG implementation across our

portfolio in June 2008.

Acquiring Avanza

In February 2007 we acquired Avanza, Spain’s largest urban bus operator, and the work we are

carrying out at there is representative of our approach. Doughty Hanson believed that the group

presented an attractive opportunity to develop its regional network as the Spanish bus industry

continued to consolidate. Its stable cash flows and recession-resistant business model as well as

the long-term nature of its concessions meant that Avanza was an attractive leverage buyout

candidate.

Relevance of ESG issues to the investment

Avanza’s business model is also attractive from an ESG standpoint: public transport is an essential

part of the solution to combat climate change and local air pollution.

ESG issues have long been important for the company (e.g. the pilot use of alternative fuels and

engines meeting strict emission requirements), and managing them well can contribute to reducing

costs and growing the business. Direct cost savings are associated with fuel efficiency (reduced fuel

use and carbon footprint) and with improved safety (reduced maintenance, lost time and injuries).

ESG due diligence

Prior to acquisition ESG issues were addressed at due diligence by the Doughty Hanson deal team

as well as external consultants. A comprehensive ESG review of the business was performed by our

in-house head of sustainability shortly after his arrival in June 2008.

The review involved discussions with senior investee company management and comprehensive

site visits to a representative number of locations. It also considered the views of various key

stakeholders including local municipalities, customers and regulators.

Throughout the process we considered a range of ESG issues from the perspective of both risk

and opportunity for the business. These included: fuel storage, fuel efficiency, fuel type and use,

climate change impacts, water conservation, land impacts, health and safety and service efficiency.

ESG improvements

Together with management we developed an action plan to address the findings of the review and

sought specialist external support to address specific initiatives such as advanced fuel management

(telematics).

Enhanced governance of environmental and social issues includes formal arrangements to manage

ESG issues and resulted in systems being certified to international standards of good practice.

We have established fuel reduction policies and targets, arranged driver training and piloted a live

driver and fuel use (telematics) system. These initiatives are expected to reduce fuel use by 2.5%

to 5% over two years and save €0.7m to €1.4m (2,000 to 4,000 t CO2e) a year.

We are investigating the potential for solar power at suitable locations to help secure concessions

and generate additional income (€150k a year).

Health and safety initiatives in streamlining systems and the greater efficiencies achieved to date

have resulted in savings of €200k a year.

Outcomes

The business is now better placed to manage risk and better positioned to secure future

concessions. A number of municipalities have commented upon the ESG improvements made by

the company and Doughty Hanson believes that Avanza’s ESG credentials helped the group win

the competitive tender for the Zaragoza Tramway concession in June 2009.

The ESG initiatives we are implementing at Avanza continue to evolve and we are currently

evaluating studies on several topics including water conservation, waste reduction, alternative fuels

and engine efficiency.

July 2009

Case Study 5

Mark Hutton Director, Direct Capital

About The New Zealand Superannuation Fund

The New Zealand Superannuation Fund (NZSF) is managed and administered by the Guardians of

New Zealand Superannuation (“the Guardians”). The Fund’s purpose is to reduce the tax burden

on future New Zealand taxpayers of meeting the cost of New Zealand Superannuation. The Fund

began investing in September 2003 and as at 31 May 2009 assets under management totalled

$13.1 billion.

About NZSF and ESG issues

The Guardians are founding signatories to the PRI and believe that, regardless of asset class, the

boards and management of investee companies are best aligned with the interests of long-term

investors when companies uphold internationally accepted standards of corporate behaviour

and appropriately manage ESG risks. With private equity (PE) investments, there has been little

transparency or reporting by GPs on ESG issues to LPs.

As an LP, the Guardians have rarely been able to veto individual investments in pooled funds when

ESG concerns arise. Nor have we been able to set specific ESG standards. Over the last year, we

have therefore focused on influencing the private equity industry as a whole through participating

on the PRI PE Steering Committee.

Many GPs do integrate ESG criteria into their investment decision-making process. However,

good practice includes developing plans to systematically manage ESG risks, both pre- and postinvestment,

and reporting on these issues to LPs.

About Direct Capital and ESG issues

One of our New Zealand PE managers, Direct Capital, recently became a PRI signatory and is a

good example of a GP committed to integrating responsible investment (RI) practices.

Direct Capital’s investments are typically in mid-sized companies requiring capital to expand. This

year, prior to investing in a new Direct Capital fund, (called DC IV) we widened the scope of our

internal due diligence to include the following RI criteria.

1. Did Direct Capital include ESG risks and opportunities in their due diligence process?

2. What ongoing attention was given to these issues post-investment?

3. What was their communication and involvement with LPs on these issues?

We reviewed two major investments in depth – a fish-farming company and a transport

investment. Direct Capital appeared to have the environmental and health and safety aspects

in hand, hiring external consultants to conduct assessments, assess actions and calculate costs.

We established that it would not be difficult for Direct Capital to enhance their investment and

reporting process to incorporate ESG considerations more fully.

We discussed including ESG conditions in the investment contract for the DCIV Fund with Direct

Capital. They saw this as an opportunity to improve investment management and to meet the

evolving expectations of their broader institutional and retail market.

Outcomes

This has resulted in the investment mandate including the following:

1. DCIV will ensure that due diligence for each investment includes consideration of

environmental, social (including health and safety, employees, human rights, consumer and

community issues) and governance risks.

2. DCIV has committed to monitor and report to LPs on each portfolio company’s:

(i) plans to address, manage or minimise any environmental or social issues arising from their

operations identified by Direct Capital during due diligence of the portfolio company or which

otherwise come to their attention

(ii) compliance with the principles of the UN Global Compact

(iii) corporate governance.

As the Guardians are a cornerstone investor in DCIV our influence is stronger than it might be

with international PE Funds. It is still rare to see integration of ESG factors included explicitly in PE

mandates, but this is likely to change.

Based on our progress with our managers, and through the PRI, we are currently refining our own

RI guidelines for PE in the following areas:

Our due diligence of GPs will assess if the GP has RI guidelines and in some cases we may

work with the manager to develop these.

We will review previous investments to assess if ESG considerations have been included in the

pre- and post-investment process.

We will request that the GP report to LPs on material ESG issues.

The work of the PRI Steering Group has greatly assisted our dialogue with our GPs. We

believe that through collaborative PRI action, the involvement of PE industry bodies and

examples of good practice like Direct Capital, RI will soon become accepted as a core part of

private equity management.

July 2009

Case study 6

Ken Mehlman Managing Director & Head of Global Public Affairs, KKR

About KKR

Established in 1976, KKR is a leading global alternative asset manager. Led by founders

Henry R. Kravis and George R. Roberts, KKR manages funds that make investments in private

equity, fixed income and other assets in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

Throughout its history, KKR has brought a long-term investment approach, focusing on working

in partnership with management teams of its portfolio companies and investing for future

competitiveness and growth.

KKR’s approach to ESG issues

Through our Washington, DC-based industry trade association, KKR worked to develop

responsible investment principles that are based on the PRI and the United Nations Global

Compact. In addition, we also became a UN PRI signatory in 2008.

ESG has long been a part of KKR’s due diligence process. Our pre-investment review includes

factors such as a company’s compliance with relevant laws and regulations and its relationships

with employees and the communities in which it has operations.

At KKR, we are committed to implementing the PRI by incorporating ESG criteria into our

investment processes and in our portfolio management.

Acquiring Alliance Boots

Alliance Boots is an international pharmacy-led health and beauty group headquartered in

Switzerland, with two core business activities, pharmacy-led health and beauty retailing and

pharmaceutical wholesaling and distribution. It operates more than 3,200 health and beauty retail

stores and a wholesale network of over 370 pharmaceutical distribution centres delivering to over

140,000 pharmacies, doctors, health centres and hospitals.

In 2007, KKR met with Alliance Boots Executive Deputy Chairman Stefano Pessina and it became

clear that both parties shared a vision on the long-term value creation potential for Alliance

Boots and agreed to partner to take the company private. Both shareholders share the vision that

corporate responsibility and sustainability are an integral part of the value creation.

Relevance of ESG issues to the investment

Alliance Boots is committed to placing excellence in ESG principles at the centre of what it

does and how it communicates. These fundamental principles are embedded into the working

practices of all employees, to ensure that the business practices are socially, environmentally and

economically sustainable across the Group.

Progress towards the Group’s goals in this area are monitored and tracked through a scorecard,

which is driven by annual targets segmented into four areas: community, environment,

marketplace, and workplace. With this scorecard, ESG is not seen as an additional activity, but

instead integrated into daily routines – and thus regarded as an activity that delivers value by either

reducing costs or generating new commercial opportunities.

Measures of success

Alliance Boots continues to achieve recognition for its ESG agenda; in May 2008 it was awarded

Gold status for its achievements in the Sunday Times ‘Business in the Community Companies that

Count’ survey, and in 2008 the Spanish wholesale business was awarded the Best Initiative award

in the ESG category for its ‘Act Now’ campaign, by Correo Farmaceutico, the leading weekly

Spanish pharmaceutical publication.

Decision-making process and criteria

The ESG agenda at Alliance Boots is established in consultation with the Group’s stakeholders,

including government, academics, the media, suppliers, customers, employers, shareholders and

NGOs. These groups outline key ESG priorities they believe Alliance Boots should be focusing

on, and it is their priorities, together with the commercial strategy and values of the business as a

whole, which determine the final list of activities that will comprise the overall ESG programme at

Alliance Boots. Eco-efficiency savings have been made in the areas of store design and transport.

So Alliance Boots has been able to deliver both cost savings and reduce its carbon impact.

Outcomes

Key to success of the ESG agenda is quantitative measurement. This enables proper management

and assessment of the initiative’s success, allowing for clear target-setting and for the measurement

of real outcomes. For example, transport initiatives have reduced the road kilometres driven by

8.5 million and have reduced transport emissions by 4.78%, saving £1.6 million in fuel costs.

July 2009

Case study 7

Fred Krupp President of Environmental Defense

About KKR

Established in 1976, KKR is a leading global alternative asset manager. Led by founders, Henry

R. Kravis and George R. Roberts, KKR manages funds that make investments in private equity,

fixed income and other assets in North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Throughout its

history, KKR has brought a long-term investment approach, focusing on working in partnership

with management teams of its portfolio companies and investing for future competitiveness and

growth.

KKR’s approach to ESG issues

Through our Washington, DC-based industry trade association, KKR worked with other association

members to develop responsible investment principles that are based on the PRI and the United

Nations Global Compact. In addition, we became a PRI signatory in 2008.

ESG has long been a part of KKR’s due diligence process. Our pre-investment review includes

factors such as a company’s compliance with relevant laws and regulations and its relationships

with employees and the communities in which it has operations.

At KKR, we are committed to implementing the PRI by incorporating ESG criteria into our

investment processes and in our portfolio management.

Acquiring TXU

In February 2007, KKR, TPG and Goldman Sachs executed a definitive merger agreement to

acquire a Texas utility (TXU Corporation) now known as Energy Future Holdings (EFH). EFH is an

example of how KKR has factored ESG issues into the investment process.

Relevance of ESG issues in the investment

Before the acquisition, TXU was aggressively pursuing plans to construct 11 new coal-fired

plants in an effort to meet the growing demands of electric utility customers in Texas. Some

environmentalists and local cities criticized these plans as irresponsible and an unnecessary threat

to the environment. When we began examining the possibility of investing in TXU, we began a

dialogue with consumer groups, regulators, environmental organizations, organized labor, and local

community and economic groups to proactively address their concerns.

As a result of these discussions, the investor group significantly amended the Company’s business

plan including:

n Reducing the number of new coal plants from 11 to three without harming electric reliability

n Committing to a voluntary emissions reduction plan to offset 100% of key emissions from

new coal-fired power plants and reduce nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and mercury

emissions

n Reducing retail energy prices, resulting in a total 15% price reduction in 2007, and that was

held in place through 2008, for most residential consumers

n Committing $5 million per year for five years to continue funding the successful TXU Energy

Aid program, which has been helping thousands of families in critical situations for over 25

years

n Committing $400 million for conservation and efficiency efforts to reduce electricity use

The transaction was endorsed by a number of key environmental leaders, labor unions and

government officials, including Environmental Defense Fund, AFL-CIO, International Brotherhood

of Electrical Workers, Natural Resources Defense Council, Texas Economic Development Council,

and mayors and city councils across Texas.

Maintaining progress and measuring success

Luminant, an EFH subsidiary and the company’s competitive power generation business continues

to build on its environmental leadership position. Already a major purchaser of wind power, it is

now building the first lignite plants in the USA with zero mercury emissions.

The company continues to hold itself accountable to its commitments and is transparent about

its progress. On its website, a “scorecard’ is updated regularly and informs the public and key

stakeholders on the progress of the commitments. The company also provides regular updates

through investor calls, investor meetings and presentations.

Outcomes

As a result of the initial consultation with stakeholders, both the investors and EFH developed

a strong relationship with the Environmental Defense Fund. In addition, a Sustainable Energy

Advisory Board (SEAB) was established during the transaction. The SEAB is comprised of

individuals who represent the interests of EFH’s principal stakeholders, including the environmental

community, customers, economic development interests, labor, and reliability and technology

interests. The SEAB offers a forum for these constituencies to discuss and influence the company’s

direction, while allowing EFH to better understand how its businesses affect these communities.

Today, EFH has a business plan and a way of operating that is better for consumers, the

environment, communities and the long-term future of the company.

July 2009

Case Study 8

Martin Glenn Chief Executive, Birds Eye

About Permira

Permira is a European private equity firm with a global reach. The Permira funds’ investment

activity focuses on six core sectors: Chemicals, Consumer, Financial Services, Healthcare,

Industrial Products and Services, and Technology, Media and Telecommunications. The firm’s

teams are based in Frankfurt, Guernsey, Hong Kong, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Menlo Park,

Milan, New York, Paris, Stockholm and Tokyo, advising funds with a total committed capital of

approximately €20 billion. Since 1985, the Permira funds have completed over 190 private equity

investments.

Acquiring Birds Eye Iglo

A company backed by the Permira funds acquired Birds Eye Iglo, a European frozen food company,

in November 2006. A part of the consumer giant Unilever since 1943, Birds Eye and iglo are both

instantly recognisable household names across much of Europe. But in the years leading up to

Permira’s acquisition Birds Eye Iglo had shown consistent underperformance. Shifting consumer

tastes away from frozen food had stunted Birds Eye’s growth, while the company had been starved

of investment for a number of years.

Relevance of ESG issues to the investment

Birds Eye Iglo is a business that has a close relationship with the natural environment.

Fish contributes 35% to group sales; as a result, Birds Eye has a long-standing commitment to

marine sustainability. It was the first company to stop sourcing cod from the North Sea in 1999 and

it took a leadership role alongside the WWF to establish the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC).

Central to Permira’s value creation plan for Birds Eye was rejuvenating the group’s brands.

The Birds Eye brand had lost ground to chilled alternatives, which had begun to be seen as fresher

and healthier. The Birds Eye management, led by Martin Glenn, was given a brief to grow the Birds

Eye business by strengthening and developing the company’s brands. Putting sustainability at the

heart of the Birds Eye brand was a key part of this process.

Engaging consumers with more sustainable products

Birds Eye Iglo has focused on developing new products since it was acquired by the Permira funds,

with sustainability at the heart of the group’s new product range. The Omega 3 Fish Finger,

launched in 2007, is sourced from sustainable Alaskan Pollock, and has resulted in a 3,000 tonne

reduction in the company’s yearly cod purchase, the equivalent of over 1.5 million fish. Birds Eye

Iglo has also made a broader commitment to sustainable development by working to improve

fish stocks for new species that are launched, whilst new innovations for Peas and Spinach are

underpinned by a world class sustainable agriculture programme. Elsewhere, salt has been reduced

across the Birds Eye range – ready meals, pies and burgers all meet the FSA 2010 salt model –

while cooking oil has been reformulated to reduce the amount of saturated fat contained in some

products by 75%.

Building relationships with stakeholders

Underpinning this transformation in the group’s approach to sustainability has been the active

development of strong relationships with policymakers, the media, campaign groups, NGOs and

other industry stakeholders. The company’s relationship with the MSC and WWF helps Birds Eye

Iglo to review and update its sustainable fishing policies. Birds Eye Iglo has also worked closely

with the UK Government’s Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) to reduce waste

packaging. Changes made mean that, for example, WRAP now considers Birds Eye’s fish fingers

carton weight best in class for a 300g product.

Outcomes

The success of Birds Eye Iglo’s integrated sustainability programme can be measured, not just in

the positive impact that Birds Eye Iglo has had on the environment such as marine habitats or

packaging use, but in the strengthened Birds Eye Iglo brands and the resultant improvement in

the financial performance of the company.

In 2007, the first full year of Permira ownership, Birds Eye recorded its first year of sales growth in

four years, while as a result of Birds Eye Iglo’s investment in marketing there has been a general

improvement in consumer attitudes to frozen food. Furthermore, in 2008, UK sales of the Birds Eye

brand grew by 6.0%.

July 2009

Case Study 9

About Robeco

Working out of Robeco’s offices in Rotterdam, Zurich and New York, Robeco’s private equity

investment team is composed of 12 experienced investment professionals, supported by

representatives from the Finance & Operations and Legal departments of Robeco Alternative &

Sustainable Investments. Established in 2001, the team has raised multiple private equity funds

of funds. While the focus initially was on mainstream private equity investments and regular fund

of fund products, in recent years the team has shifted its focus to sustainable and responsible

private equity investments.

Robeco’s approach to ESG issues

In 2003 the Robeco private equity investment team saw that client demand for responsible

investment solutions was increasing as were the number of sustainable or clean technology funds

coming to the market for funding. There was an opportunity to bring new products to market.

In this respect, a relationship was developed with its parent company Rabobank, which attaches

a lot of importance to contributing to sustainable development in its role as a financial institution,

to provide expertise and credibility to Robeco’s efforts in the field of sustainable private equity.

Launching Responsible Entrepreneurship Guidelines

In 2004, Robeco was one of the first asset managers worldwide to introduce an ESG-focused

program investing in private equity – the Robeco Sustainable Private Equity Program (‘RSPE’).

The fund of funds committed its capital of nearly USD 250 million to a mixture of both clean tech

focused private equity funds and mainstream private equity funds, which were willing to adopt a

set of responsible entrepreneurship guidelines (the ‘Responsible Entrepreneurship Guidelines’ or

‘REG’). Rabobank’s Corporate Social Responsibility Department acted as formal Investment Advisor

to the program.

Reactions to the Responsible Entrepreneurship Guidelines (REG)

The funds’ experiences implementing the Responsible Entrepreneurship Guidelines have been

diverse and appear to be related to geography and fund size. Since 2004, in the United States,

private equity firms have become more positive about responsible investing. However, many

remain hesitant to state their commitment to responsibility in writing, such as in a side letter

agreement. This appears to be related to fears of litigation and questions regarding the limiting

nature of the REG in terms of investment universe.

Private equity firms in Europe, including a number of well-known names in the sector, have

embraced the concept of responsibility earlier than their North American counterparts.

Furthermore, an explicit commitment to an annual progress report on the subject of responsibility

does not appear to be a contentious point in most cases.

In emerging markets most private equity firms have been surprisingly well educated on the subject

of responsibility. The most experienced private equity investment teams in emerging markets were

sponsored by development finance institutions, such as CDC and EBRD and these institutions

strongly promoted sustainable development. Adopting the REG is therefore rarely an issue for

emerging market private equity funds.

The acceptance of the Responsible Entrepreneurship Guidelines has been better with smaller funds

(growth capital funds, small buyout funds) than with larger funds (large buyout funds). Large

funds appear to be less open to changing their current investment process than smaller funds that

typically have a somewhat more flexible (less institutionalized) approach.

After the REG

In 2006 Robeco signed the Principles for Responsible Investment (‘PRI’) and based on the PRI, we

developed the Robeco Principles for Responsible Private Equity (hereinafter, the ’Principles’). These

are at the heart of the successor fund to RSPE that we launched in 2008 – the Robeco Responsible

Private Equity II (‘RRPE II’). It has a target fund size of €250 million and will invest exclusively in

private equity funds that are prepared to commit to and implement the Principles.

By subscribing to the Principles, investee funds of RRPE II commit themselves to:

Implement ESG criteria in their investment policies and ownership practices

Stimulate underlying portfolio companies to adhere to ESG standards (notably the UN Global

Compact)

Report annually on the investee fund’s ESG efforts

Actively share and exchange experiences in this field with Robeco and other interested

parties.

Key to the RRPE II fund’s responsible investment strategy is the engagement approach, whereby

Robeco enters into an active dialogue with its fund managers on responsibility issues, their

relevance for private equity investments and their implementation in investment processes.

These Principles are now easier to work with than the REG for the following reasons. Firstly,

they are based on a universally accepted standard for responsible investing and thus more easily

accepted by fund managers. Secondly, whereas the REG were focused on improving the ESG

performance of portfolio companies, the Principles focus on what really can be influenced from a

fund of funds manager’s perspective: the investment decision-making and ownership processes of

the investee funds.

Outcomes

In conclusion, Robeco was one of the first to recognise the trend towards responsible private

equity and to develop specialized products around it. We have learned from the experience of

implementing our Responsible Entrepreneurship Guidelines, and responded to initiatives such as

the PRI by developing our own investment principles tailored to private equity funds.

Although in the beginning it was not easy to find and convince the first clients, the focus on

responsible private equity has definitely paid off. It has strengthened Robeco Private Equity’s

reputation as an innovative fund manager and it has attracted new institutional clients, including

internationally.

July 2009

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